Polymer-Filler Coupling Additives

ABSTRACT

Polymer-filler coupling compounds with the formula B—A—S x —N are claimed. In these compounds, B is an azaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety, or an allyltin moiety; S x  is a polysulfide, where x is between 2 and about 10; A is a linking atom or group that forms a bridge between B and S x ; and N is a blocking group. S x  can be a disulfide. N can be a conventional blocking group or other group such as —A—B. Methods for using the polymer-filler coupling compounds to modify polymers containing unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds and promote filler dispersion are also claimed. Additionally, vulcanizable rubber compositions containing the polymer-filler coupling compounds and methods for making vulcanized rubber compositions using the polymer-filler coupling compounds are also claimed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from and is related to the followingprior application: “Polymer-Filler Coupling Additives,” U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/754,533, filed Dec. 28, 2005. This prior application,including the entirety of the written description and drawing figures,is hereby incorporated into the present application by reference.

FIELD

The technology described herein relates to compositions for couplingpolymers and fillers, and polymer compositions including these couplingcompositions.

BACKGROUND

The dispersion quality of fillers in polymeric compositions, i.e., thedegree to which the filler is evenly distributed throughout acomposition, can impact the performance properties of the polymericcompositions. One property that can be affected by the dispersionquality of a filler within a polymeric composition is hysteresis. Thehysteresis of an clastomer, for example, refers to the differencebetween the energy applied to deform the elastomer and the energyrecovered as the elastomer returns to its initial, undeformed shape.Interaction between elastomer molecules and an incorporated reinforcingfiller or fillers is known to impact hysteresis.

Hysteresis and other physical properties of compounded elastomers can beimproved by ensuring good dispersion of the filler throughout thepolymer. When elastomeric compounds exhibiting good hysteresis are usedin articles such as belts, tires, and the like, the articles demonstrateincreased rebound and reduced heat build-up when subjected to mechanicalstresses during use. In pneumatic tires, for example, lowered hysteresisvalues are associated with reduced rolling resistance and heat build-upduring use. This reduction of rolling resistance and heat build-up in apneumatic tire can result in lower fuel consumption for the vehicleusing the tire.

SUMMARY

The polymer-filler coupling compounds described herein have the formulaB—A—S_(x)—N. In these compounds, B is an azaheterocyclic oxygen orsulfur containing moiety, or an allyltin moiety; S_(x) is a polysulfide,where x is between 2 and about 10; A is a linking atom or group thatforms a bridge between B and S_(x); and N is a blocking group. S_(x) canbe a disulfide. N can be a conventional blocking group or other groupsuch as —A—B.

Methods for using the polymer-filler coupling compounds are alsodescribed herein. Methods for modifying a polymer involve contacting apolymer containing unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecularstructure with a polymer-filler coupling compound. Methods for promotingfiller dispersion in polymeric compositions involve reacting a polymermodified by a polymer-filler coupling compound with a filler that has asurface group that binds to the B moiety of the compound. Thepolymer-filler coupling compound, polymer, and filler can also be mixedtogether at the same time rather than sequentially to promote fillerdispersion in a polymeric composition.

Vulcanizable rubber compositions containing the polymer-filler couplingcompounds and methods for making vulcanized rubber compositions usingthe polymer-filler coupling compounds are also described herein. Thevulcanizable rubber compositions include an elastomer containingunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structure, a hysteresisreducing amount of a polymer-filler coupling compound, a filler with asurface group that binds to the B moiety of the polymer-filler couplingcompound, and a cure agent. The methods for making vulcanizedelastomeric compositions involve mixing together a vulcanizable rubbercomposition as just described and curing the composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As examples of how a person of ordinary skill in the art can make anduse the claimed invention, this description presents examples ofcompounds having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N, polymer compositions includingthese compounds, methods for using these compounds in polymercompositions, vulcanizable rubber compositions containing thepolymer-filler coupling compounds, and methods for making vulcanizedrubber compositions using the polymer-filler coupling compounds. Thisdescription is provided to meet the requirements of enablement and bestmode without imposing limitations that are not recited in the claims.

Compounds with the formula B—A—S_(x)—N are useful for promoting fillerdispersion in a polymeric composition that comprises a polymer havingunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structure. In thesecompounds with the formula B—A—S_(x)—N, B is an azaheterocyclic oxygenor sulfur containing moiety or an allyltin moiety;S_(x) is apolysulfide, wherein x is between 2 and about 10; A is a linking atom orgroup that forms a bridge between B and S_(x); and N is a blockinggroup.

When used in this specification, the term azaheterocyclic oxygen orsulfur containing moiety is intended to include the structures embodiedby formulas I, II, and TII:

where X is oxygen or sulfur; and each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R4, R₅, R₆, and R₇is independently hydrogen, a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, abranched or linear C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl group, a branched or linear C₆-C₂₀aryl group, a branched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylaryl, or A, where A is alinking atom or group that forms a bridge between B and S_(x). Withrespect to the R groups, each R group can be the same, e.g., hydrogen;each R group can be different, eg., two or more different groups; orsome of the R groups can be the same while others are different, e.g.,R₁ could be A, R₂ could be hydrogen, and the other R groups could be thesame or different alkyl groups.

The allyltin moiety can comprise the formula —CH═CHCH₂Sn(R₈)₃, whereinR₈ is a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a branched or linearC₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl group, a branched or linear C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, abranched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylaryl group, or mixtures thereof. The —CHportion of the allyltin moiety binds to the A group of the B—A—S_(x)—Ncompound to form (allyltin moiety)—A—S_(x)—N.

The linking atom or group A can be a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkylenylmoiety, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkylenyl moiety, a branched orlinear C₆-C₂₀ arylenyl moiety, or a branched or linear C₇-C₂₀alkylarylenyl moiety. Further, A can comprise [A′—(Z—A″)_(k)], whereinA′ and A″ are a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkylenyl moiety, a branchedor linear C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₆-C₂₀arylenyl moiety, or a branched or linear C₇-C₂₀alkylarylenyl moiety; Zis oxygen, sulfur or C═O; and k is 1 to about 4. For example, A cancomprise a phenyl group with an ortho, meta, or para bond with B and/orS_(x). As another example, A can comprise (CH₂)_(m), where m is 1 toabout 10.

The S_(x) group is a polysulfide. The polysulfide can have two or moresulfur atoms. For example, the polysulfide can have between 2 and about10 sulfur atoms, i.e., x is 2 to about 10. Generally, the more sulfuratoms that are present, the easier it is for the N group, a blockinggroup, to dissociate leaving a reactive B—A—S_(y−1)—S—molecule. The Ngroup, upon dissociating, may have sulfur atoms still associated, i.e.,the group that leaves can be —S—S_(z−1)—N. The y and z subscriptsindicate the number of sulfur atoms associated with the respectivedisassociated molecules, where x=y+z.

The N group can be a conventional blocking group or other groupincluding, for example, a B—A—group as described above (i.e.,B—A—S_(x)—A—B). Additional examples of blocking groups include thosegroups known to be useful in blocking the sulfur portion of mercaptans.With these types of blocking groups, the mercapto hydrogen is replacedby another group that does not affect the reactivity of the organicportion of the mercaptan, i.e. in the case of a B—A—S_(x)—N molecule,the B moiety. Suitable mercapto blocking groups can include, but are notlimited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,468; 6,204,339;6,528,673; 6,635,700; 6,649,684; and 6,683,135, the disclosures of whichare hereby incorporated by reference with respect to the mercaptoblocking groups described. A deblocking agent can be added during themanufacturing process after the B—A—S_(x)—N reaction with the filler hasoccurred, to allow the sulfur atom of the B—A—S_(x)—N molecule to bondwith the rubber. The deblocking agent can be added at any time duringthe compounding process as a single component during any mixing stage inwhich deblocking is desired. Often deblocking is desired after anymixing stage in which heat would be applied. The deblocking agent can beadded during the cure stage of compounding and in the final mixingstage. The deblocking agent can be contained in a sulfur cure packagearid, often, can function as a cure accelerator, especially incombination with a zinc salt. Examples of deblocking agent are wellknown to those skilled in the art.

One non-limiting example of a B—A—S_(x)—N compound isbis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide (2OPD), shown by formula IV:

Specifically, 2OPD is a B—A—S_(x)—A—B type molecule, where x is 2, i.e.,N is —A—B and the A and B groups are the same on each side of themolecule. If B—A—S₁—is the group that leaves, then two identicalmolecules are formed of the structure shown by formula V:

In B—A—S_(x)—A—B type molecules, the A moieties can be the same, as inthe 2OPD molecule, or different. Similarly, in B—A—S_(x)—A—B typemolecules the B moieties can be the same, as in the 2OPD molecule, ordifferent. An additional non-limiting example of a B—A—S_(x)—N compoundis bis-[2-(2-thiazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide (2TPD), shown by formula VI:

Ordinary chemical synthesis methods can be used to produce the exemplarycompounds and other B—A—S_(x)—N compounds without undue experimentation.An exemplary method for producing 2OPD is disclosed in Example A below.However, it is recognized that other known chemical synthesis methods,using other starting materials and intermediates, can also be used toproduce these and other B—A—S_(x)—N compounds.

The polymers used herein contain carbon-carbon unsaturation in theirmolecular structure and include thermoplastic polymers as well asthermosetting polymers. The unsaturation can be present along thepolymer backbone and/or can be present as a pendent group, such as anethnic group and the like. Suitable elastomers containing carbon-carbonunsaturation in their molecular structure include natural as well assynthetic rubbers, such as those produced by polymerizing aliphatic,conjugated diolefins, especially those containing 4 to 8 carbon atomsper molecule such as, but not limited to, butadiene, isoprene,pentadienes, and the like, or the copolymers and terpolymers of suchdienes. The polymer backbones of the elastomers used herein can containa significant amount of unsaturation. As an example, at least about 5%of the carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer backbones are unsaturatedbonds.

Characterization of rubber as having unsaturated carbon chains is wellknown in the art as shown by ANSI/ASTM Standard D 1418-79A whereunsaturated-chain rubbers are referred to as R rubbers. Class R rubbersinclude natural rubber and various synthetic rubbers derived at leastpartly from diolefins. The following is a non-exclusive list of R classrubbers that can be used in the compositions of the present invention:acrylate-butadiene rubber; butadiene rubber; chloro-isobutene-isoprenerubber; chloroprene rubber; synthetic isoprene; nitrile-butadienerubber; nitrile-chloroprene rubber; nitrile-isoprene rubber; naturalrubber; styrene-butadiene rubber; styrene-chloroprene rubber; andstyrene-isoprene rubbers. The rubbers used herein having carbon-carbonunsaturation also can be other than the R rubbers such as, but notlimited to EPDM rubber derived from ethylene-propylenediene monomer, andtypically having about 3% to about 8% of their carbon bonds asunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds.

Further examples of synthetic polymers that can be used in thecompositions disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, thehomopolymerization products of butadiene and its homologues andderivatives such as, for example, methyl butadiene, dimethyl butadieneand pentadienes as well as copolymers formed from a butadiene or itshomologues or derivatives with other unsaturated organic compounds.Among the latter are olefins, for example, ethylene, propylene orisobutylene which copolymerize with isoprene to form polyisobutylenealso known as butyl rubber; vinyl compounds that can copolymerize withdiene monomers such as butadiene and isoprene; acrylic acid,acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, methacrylic acid, alpha methylstyrene, (o-, m-, or p-) methyl styrene and styrene, the latter compoundpolymerizing with butadiene to form styrene-butadiene rubber, as well asvinyl esters and various unsaturated aldehydes, ketones and ethers, suchas acrolein and vinylethyl ether, and the like.

In general, examples of the elastomers for use with the compositionsinclude homopolymers of conjugated diene monomers, and copolymers andterpolymers of the conjugated diene monomers with monovinyl aromaticmonomers and trienes. More specifically, examples of elastomers for usewith the compositions include natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene,polybutadiene, polystyrene, styrene-butadiene copolymers,isoprene-butadiene copolymers, isoprene-styrene copolymers, terpolymersof styrene-isoprene-butadiene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber,terpolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene, and blends thereof

The chemical reaction between the B—A—S_(x)—N compounds and a polymerthat contains unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structureis illustrated in Scheme 1. In Scheme 1, the polymer (P) is representedas having “n” repeating units that can react with “n” moles ofB—A—S_(x)—N . From a practical standpoint, it is recognized that not allavailable reaction sites in the polymeric molecular structure will reactand, therefore, “n” is meant to represent an average number of reactivesites. For convenience, the modified polymer produced in Scheme 1 isillustrated as P—(S_(y)—A—B)_(n). As discussed above the “y” designationindicates the number of sulfur atoms associated with the molecule afterthe —S_(z)—N group leaves, where x×z+y.

Schemes 2-9 illustrate the other reaction, i.e., the binding of the Bmoiety of the P—(S_(y)—A—B)_(n) compound to a reactive group on thesurface of a filler. The discussion here uses the reaction product fromScheme 1 including the polymer. The reaction of the B moiety, however,occurs independently of the reaction of the B—A—S_(x)—N compound with apolymer. That is, it is not necessary for the B—A—S_(x)—N compound to bebound to a polymer in order for the B moiety-filler reaction to occur.The B moiety-filler reaction can occur prior to, at the same time as, orafter the B—A—S_(x)—N compound is coupled to the polymer,

As illustrated in Schemes 2-9, a B moiety can comprise anazaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety that is reactive withsurface groups of carbon black (CB), such that mixing P—(S_(y)—A—B)_(n)with the carbon black allows for the direct binding of carbon black to aB moiety of the compound. Thus, the filler is bound along the molecularstructure of the polymer by the reaction of B with the polymer.

Scheme 10 illustrates a reaction where a B moiety of P—(S_(y)—A—B)_(n)can comprise an allyltin group that is reactive with the surfaceortho-quinone structures present on carbon black, such that mixingP—(S_(y—A—B)) _(n) with carbon black filler allows for the directbinding of carbon black to the B moiety of the P—(S_(y)—A—B)_(n)compound and the binding of the carbon black filler along with themolecular structure of the polymer by the reaction of B with thepolymer.

In each of the reactions illustrated by Schemes 2-10, more than oneB—A—S_(x)—N molecule can be bound to a carbon black filler particle oraggregate if multiple reactive groups are present on the filler particleor aggregate. Further, other fillers with surface groups reactive withthe B moiety of B—A—S_(x)—N can be mixed with carbon black and boundalong the molecular structure of the polymer by the reaction of B withthe polymer. For example, mineral fillers such as, but not limited to,silica, talc, kaolin, clay, metal oxides, aluminum hydrate, mica, andthe like, have such reactive surface groups, and these fillers can beemployed in mixtures containing carbon black.

As illustrated in Scheme 1 above, a modified polymer can be produced bycontacting a polymer containing unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in itsmolecular structure with a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N, asdescribed above, to form a modified polymer. The amount of theB—A—S_(x)—N compound can range from about 0.1 to about 30 percent byweight calculated on the weight of the polymer to be modified.Alternatively, the amount of the B—A—S_(x)—N compound can range fromabout 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight of the polymer. Additionally,the amount of the B—A—S_(x)—N compound can range from about 1 to about 8percent by weight of the polymer. The modification reaction can beconducted in solution, or under solvent-free conditions (solid statereaction). The B—A—S_(x)—N compound can be added to the rubbers by anyconventional technique, such as milling or in a Banbury mixer.

For example, a modified polymer can be obtained at any time afterpolymerization, such as by addition of the B—A—S_(x)—N compound to thecement obtained from polymerization, by spraying the compound onto thedried polymer crumb or by adding the compound to a polymeric compositionwith the polymer prior to or at the same time as adding the filler.

Thus, a method for promoting filler dispersion in a polymericcomposition can comprise the steps of: (a) modifying a polymer havingunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structure by reactingthe polymer with a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N to form amodified polymer, and (b) reacting the modified polymer with a fillercomprising a surface group that can bind to the B moiety of thecompound.

In another example, a method for promoting filler dispersion in apolymeric composition can comprise the step of mixing together (i) apolymer having unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecularstructure, (ii) a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N; and (iii) afiller comprising a surface group that can bind to the B moiety of thecompound.

Vulcanizable elastomeric compositions according to the inventioncomprise an elastomer containing unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in itsmolecular structure; a hysteresis-reducing amount of a compound havingthe formula B—A—S_(x)—N , e.g., about 0.1 to about 30 percent by weightof the elastomer; a filler comprising a surface group that can bind tothe B moiety of the compound; and a cure agent. The term cure agent asused herein means a cure package containing sulfur and acceleratorscommonly used in sulfur-vulcanizable rubber compositions. The filler iscarbon black or a mixture of carbon black with another filler having asurface group that can bind to the B moiety of the compound. In oneexample, the B—A—S_(x)—N compound is added in the masterbatch containingthe elastomer and the filler. In another example, the B—A—S_(x)—Ncompound can be pre-reacted with the elastomer to form a modifiedelastomer, as described above. In yet another example, the B—A—S_(x)—Ncompound can be reacted with the elastomer and the filler by adding itin a remill stage or final mixing stage.

Thus, a method for making a vulcanized elastomeric composition cancomprise the steps of (a) mixing together (i) an elastomer containingunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structure, (ii) acompound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N , (iii) a filler comprising asurface group that can bind to the B moiety of the compound, and (iv) acure agent; and (b) curing the composition.

A method for making a vulcanized elastomeric composition can comprisethe steps of: (a) mixing together (i) a modified elastomer prepared byreacting an elastomer having unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in itsmolecular structure with a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N, (ii)a filler comprising a surface group that can bind to the B moiety of thecompound, and (iii) a cure agent; and (b) curing the composition.

The resulting vulcanizable elastomeric composition, after both theS-polyner and B-filler reactions have occurred, comprises (a) thereaction product of (i) an elastomer having unsaturated carbon-carbonbonds in its molecular structure, (ii) a compound having the formulaB—A—S_(x)—N, and (iii) a filler comprising a surface group bound to theB moiety of the compound; and (b) a cure agent.

The conjugated diene polymers, or copolymers or terpolymers ofconjugated diene monomers and monovinyl aromatic monomers, can beutilized as 100 parts of the rubber in a treadstock compound, or theycan be blended with any conventionally employed treadstock rubber whichincludes natural rubber, synthetic rubber and blends thereof. Suchrubbers are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but arenot limited to, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, silicone rubber, thefluoroelastomers, ethylene acrylic rubber, ethylene vinyl acetatecopolymer, epichlorohydrin rubbers, chlorinated polyethylene rubbers,chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubbers, hydrogenated nitrile rubber,tetrafluoroethylene-propylene rubber and the like. When the vulcanizableelastomeric composition of the present invention is blended withconventional rubbers, the amounts can vary widely with a lower limitcomprising about ten percent to 20 percent by weight of the totalrubber. The minimum amount will depend primarily upon the physicalproperties desired.

The vulcanizable elastomeric composition can be compounded withreinforcing fillers, such as carbon black or a mixture of carbon blackand another filler. Any form of carbon black can be used. The carbonblack can be present in amounts ranging from about 0 phr to about 100phr. Alternatively, carbon black can be compounded at about 5 to about80 phr and, additionally, an amount from about 20 to about 70 phr can beused. The carbon blacks can include any of the commonly available,commercially-produced carbon blacks. For example, carbon blacks having asurface area of at least about 20 m²/g up to about 200 m²/g and,additionally, carbon blacks having surface areas of at least about 35m²/g up to about 200 m²/g can also be used. Surface area values arethose determined by ASTM test D-1765 using the cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromide (CTAB) technique.

Among the useful carbon blacks are furnace black, channel blacks andlamp blacks. More specifically, examples of the carbon blacks includesuper abrasion furnace (SAF) blacks, high abrasion furnace (HAF) blacks,fast extrusion furnace (FEF) blacks, fine furnace (FF) blacks,intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) blacks, semi-reinforcingfurnace (SRF) blacks, medium processing channel blacks, hard processingchannel blacks and conducting channel blacks. Other carbon blacks thatcan be used include acetylene blacks. Typical carbon blacks that areused include N110, N121, N220, N231, N242, N293, N299, N326, N330, N332,N339, N343, N347, N351, N358, N375, N472, N539, N472, N539, N550, N660,N683, N754, and N765. Oxidized carbon blacks can also be used. Thecarbon blacks can be oxidized using any suitable conventional techniquesuch as oxidation by ozone, dichromate, or oxidizing acids. For example,carbon blacks oxidized using nitrogenous oxidizing acids or ozone can beused. Examples of suitable methods of producing oxidized carbon blacksare disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,914,148; 4,075,140; and 4,075,157which are hereby incorporated by reference. Depending on the particularuse of the compound, the appropriate carbon black can be selected.Mixtures of two or more of the above blacks can be used in preparingproducts of this invention. The carbon blacks utilized in thepreparation of the filled vulcanizates of the invention can be inpelletized form or an unpelletized flocculant mass. Unpelletized carbonblack can be employed to aid in achieving uniform mixing.

The vulcanizable elastomeric compositions can also contain additionalprocessing additives and conventional rubber additives including, forexample, additional fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, activators,retarders, accelerators, pigments, cure agents, processing additivessuch as oils and resins, including tackifying resins, pigments, fattyacid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants, anti-ozonants, and peptizingagents. As known to those skilled in the art, depending on the intendeduse of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur vulcanized material (rubbers),the additives mentioned above are selected and commonly used inconventional amounts, using standard rubber mixing equipment andprocedures. Such elastomeric compositions, when vulcanized usingconventional rubber vulcanization conditions, exhibit reducedhysteresis, which means a product having increased rebound, decreasedrolling resistance and lessened heat build-up when subjected tomechanical stress. Products including tires, power belts and the likeare envisioned. Decreased rolling resistance is, of course, a usefulproperty for pneumatic tires, both radial as well as bias ply types andthus, the vulcanizable elastomeric compositions of the present inventioncan be utilized to form treadstocks for such tires. Pneumatic tires canbe made according to the constructions disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,866,171; 5,876,527; 5,931,211; and 5,971,046, the disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference. The composition can also be usedto form other elastomeric tire components such as subtreads, sidewalls,body ply skims, bead fillers and the like.

Thus, examples include vulcanizates of the vulcanizable rubbercompositions described above, and a tire comprising at least onecomponent that comprises a vulcanized elastomeric composition thatcomprises the reaction product of an elastomer having unsaturatedcarbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structure, a filler comprisingcarbon black or mixtures of carbon black and other fillers, a cureagent, and a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N. For example, thetire component can be a tire tread.

Typical amounts of tackifier resins, if used, comprise about 0.5 toabout 10 phr, usually about one to about 5 phr. Typical amounts ofcompounding aids comprise about one to about 50 phr. Such compoundingaids can include, for example, aromatic, naphlthenic, and/or paraffinicprocessing oils.

Representative of the antidegradants that can be in the rubbercomposition include monophenols, bisphenols, thiobisphenols,polyphenols, hydroquinone derivatives, phosphates, phosphate blends,thioesters, naphthylamines, diphenol amines as well as other diarylamine derivatives, paraphenylene diamines, quinolines and blendedamines. Antidegradants are generally used in an amount ranging fromabout 0.1 phr to about 10 phr. Alternatively, antidegradants can be usedin a range of from about 0.5 to 6 phr. For example, typical amounts ofantioxidants comprise about 0.1 to about 5 phr. Representativeantioxidants can be, for example diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and others,such as for example, those disclosed in the Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook(1978), pages 344 to 346. Typical amounts of anti-ozonants can compriseabout 0.1 to about 5 phr.

Typical amounts of fatty acids, if used, which can include stearic acid,palmitic acid, linoleic acid or a mixture of one or more fatty acids,can comprise about 0.5 to about 3 phr. Typical amounts of waxes compriseabout one to about 2 phr. Often microcrystalline waxes are used. Typicalamounts of peptizers, if used, comprise about 0.1 to about 1 phr.Typical peptizers can be, for example, pentachlorothiophenol anddibenzamidodiphenyl disulfide. Pentachlorophenol can be used, forexample, in an amount ranging from about 0.1 phr to 0.4 phr.Alternatively, pentachlorophenol can be used in a range of from about0.2 to 0.3 phr.

Representative of processing oils which can be used in the rubbercomposition of the present invention include Black Oil (a naphthenic oilwith additives having polycyclic aromatic content of less than 3%, soldunder this designation by Ergon), aliphatic-naphthenic aromatic resins,polyethylene glycol, petroleum oils, ester plasticizers, vulcanizedvegetable oils, pine tar, phenolic resins, petroleum resins, polymericesters and resins. These processing oils can be used in a conventionalamount ranging from about 0 to about 50 phr. Alternatively, theprocessing oils can be used in a range of from about 5 to 25 phr.

It is readily understood by those having skill in the art that therubber composition would be compounded by methods generally known in therubber compounding art, such as mixing the various vulcanizablepolymer(s) with various commonly used additive materials such as, forexample, curing agents, activators, retarders, accelerators, and thelike.

The reinforced rubber compounds can be cured in a conventional mannerwith known vulcanizing agents, such as such as sulfur and accelerators.Modification of polymers and filler binding according to the presentinvention does not appreciably affect cure times and, thus, the rubbercompounds can be cured for a conventional amount of time. When avulcanizing agent is used, the amount of the agent used is 0.1 to 5parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the rubber material.Alternatively, the amount of the vulcanizing agent used can be 0.1 to 3parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the rubber material,and, additionally, a range of from about 0.1 phr to about 2 phr can beused. Vulcanizing agents can be used alone or in combination. Cured orcross-linked polymers will be referred to as vulcanizates for purposesof this disclosure. For a general disclosure of suitable vulcanizingagents, one can refer to Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopediac of ChemicalTechnology, 3rd ed., Wiley lilterscience, N.Y, 1982, Vol. 20, pp. 365 to468, particularly “Vulcanization Agents and Auxiliary Materials,” pp.390 to 402.

Zinc oxide and stearic acid are conventionally used to vulcanizeelastomers. Zinc oxide is generally used in a conventional amountranging from about 0.5 to about 5 phr. Stearic acid is generally used ina conventional amount ranging from about 1 to about 4 phr.

The vulcanization is conducted in the presence of a sulfur vulcanizingagent. Examples of suitable sulfur vulcanizing agents include“rubbermaker's” soluble sulfur; sulfur donating vulcanizing agents, suchas an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide or sulfur olefin adducts;and insoluble polymeric sulfur. The sulfur vulcanizing agents can be amixture of soluble and insoluble polymeric sulfur. The sulfurvulcanizing agents are used in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about10 phr. Alternatively, the sulfur vulcanizing agents can be used in anamount ranging from about 1.5 to about 5 phr, and, additionally, thesulfur vulcanizing agents can range from about 1.5 to about 3.5 phr.

Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature requiredfor vulcanization and to improve properties of the vulcanizate. Thevulcanization accelerators used in the present invention are notparticularly limited. Representative of conventional accelerators areamines, guanidines, thioureas, thiols, thiurams, sulfenamides,dithiocarbamates and xanthates. Additional examples include thiazolevulcanization accelerators, such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole,benzothiazole disulfide, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS),N-tert-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS), and the like; and guanidinevulcanization accelerators, such as diphenylguanidine (DPG) and thelike. The amount of vulcanization accelerator used can be about 0.1 toabout 10 phr. Alternatively, vulcanization accelerators can be added inamounts ranging from about 0.1 phr to abo at 5 phr, or about 0.2 toabout 3 phr.

The vulcanizable elastomeric composition of the present invention can beobtained by milling the components by using a milling apparatus, such asa mill, an internal mixer, and the like for a sufficient time and at ahigh enough temperature to achieve the desired physical properties ofthe resulting compound. The mixing of the vulcanizable elastomericcomposition can be accomplished by methods known to those having skillin the rubber mixing art. For example, the ingredients can be mixed intwo or more stages, consisting of at least a “master batch” stage(comprising mixing of the elastomer, with at least a portion of thecarbon black and/or silica and other ingredients); and a “final stage”,in which the cure agents are typically added. There can also be a mixingstage in which the mixture is re-milled without the addition ofingredients. The B—A—S_(x)—N compound can be added in any stage of themixing process,

The mixing temperature can vary from stage to stage. However, forpurposes of the examples disclosed herein, the B—A—S_(x)—N compound, theelastomer, and the filler can be mixed at a mixing temperature of about60° C. to about 200° C. Alternatively, the elastomer and the filler canbe mixed at a mixing temperature of about 90° C. to about 190° C. and,additionally, about 120° C. to about 180° C. In one example, a portionof the filler and/or the B—A—S_(x)—N compound can be added to theelastomer in the master batch stage, and the remainder added to a remillstage.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate the preparation of an exemplaryB—A—S_(x)—N compound and elastomeric compositions containing thecompound. These examples are not intended to be limiting, as othermethods for preparing the compound and the rubber compositions anddifferent rubber compounding compositions can be employed withoutdeparting from the scope of the claims set forth below.

Example A Synthesis of bis-F2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl-disulfide (2OPD)

A mixture of 20 g of 2,2′-dithio-bis-(benzoic acid) (65 mmol) in 28.6 mLthionylchloride (390 mmol) was refluxed for 12 hours and then filtered.The filtrate was dried using a rotary evaporator and 15.0 g of2,2′-dithio-bis-(benzoyl chloride) powder (44 mmol) was collected. Yieldfor this reaction was 68%.

The 2,2′-dithio-bis-(benzoyl chloride) was then mixed into 300 mL ofchloroform. To this mixture a solution maintained at OC comprising 10.7g 2-aminoethanol (175 mmol) in 200 mL choloroform was added dropwisewith stirring. Upon completion of the addition, the resulting mixturewas stirred at 25° C. for 2 hours during which a precipitate formed. Theprecipitate was collected with filtration and washed with 200 mL ofwater. The precipitate was then dried yielding a light brown powder.13.5 g of 2,2′-dithio-bis-[N-(hydroxyehtyl)-benzamide] (34 mmol) wascollected providing a 77% yield.

15 mL of thionylchloride (204 mmol) was then added dropwise withstirring to the 2,2′-dithio-bis-[N-(hydroxyethyl)-benzamide] powder.This mixture was poured into 150 mL of ether and a white precipitateformed. The precipitate was then filtered and dissolved in water. Thedissolved precipitate was then neutralized with cold 20% sodiumhydroxide and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract wasdried and recrystallized with hexane. 7 g ofbis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide (20 mmol) was collected providinga 59% yield. The overall yield for the synthesis was 15%.

Example B

To determine the effect of 2OPD on the hysteresis properties of rubber,four rubber compounding compositions containing solution SBR, carbonblack, and other typical compounding ingredients were prepared. As shownin Table 1, a control composition (C1), two compositions containing 2OPD(El and E2), and a comparison composition (C2) containing a commerciallyavailable additive (Sumifine® 1162, available from Sumitomo ChemicalCompany) known to reduce hysteresis in natural rubber were prepared.TABLE 1 Compounding Formulations Composition^(a) C1 E1 E2 C2 MasterbatchPolymer^(b) 100 100    100    100    Carbon Black^(c) 50 50   50   50  Aromatic Oil 15 15   15   15   Stearic Acid 2 2   2   2   6PPD^(d) 1 1  1   1   2OPD —  1.42^(e)  2.84^(f) — Sumifine 1162 — — —  2.55^(g) FinalZnO 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 DPG^(h) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 TBBS^(i) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Sulfur 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3^(a)phr^(b)Solution SBR 35% styrene, 14% Vinyl, 20 phr of aromatic oil^(c)N339^(d)N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine (antioxidant)^(e)4 mmol^(f)8 mmol^(g)8 mmol^(h)diphenylguanidine (DPG)^(i)N-tert-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS)

To determine the properties of the compositions in Table 1, severaltests were run including Mooney Viscosity; tensile properties; andstrain, including tan delta (tan δ), loss modulus (G′), and Payne effect(ΔG′). Test results are shown in Table 2. The Mooney Viscositymeasurement (measured prior to annealing) was conducted at 130° C. usinga large rotor, and was recorded as the torque when the rotor had rotatedfor four minutes. The sample was preheated at 130° C. for one minutebefore the rotor was started. The tensile properties for cured stockwere measured using the standard procedure described in ASTM-D 412 atroom temperature and 100° C. The tensile test specimens were rings witha diameter of 1.3 mm and a thickness of 1.9 mm. A gauge length of 25.4mm was used for calculating the tensile properties. To determine ifhysteresis was reduced, tan δ and G′ at 5% strain and ΔG′at 0.1 to 20%strain using an ARES-A rheometer at 50° C. and 15 Hz were measured. Tanδ and G′ were also measured during a temperature ramp at a constant 2%strain and 15 Hz (values for 25° C., 50° C., and 75° C. are shown inTable 2). TABLE 2 Comparison of Composition Properties Composition^(a)C1 E1 E2 C2 Mooney Viscosity ML1 + 4/130° C. 47 44 42 108 Ring Tensile @RT M50 (MPa) 1.30 1.58 1.89 1.38 M300 (MPa) 9.51 12.65 15.25 8.20 TB(MPa) 18.93 17.81 16.00 17.60 EB (%) 499 391 315 532 Ring Tensile @ 100°C. M50 (MPa) 0.95 1.22 1.45 0.99 M300 (MPa) 4.00 5.84 7.45 3.58 TB (MPa)9.85 7.54 7.79 8.83 EB (%) 375 238 207 361 Strain Sweep (50° C., 15 Hz)5.0% strain G′ (MPa) 2.84 3.50 3.99 3.82 tan δ 0.211 0.206 0.189 0.200ΔG′ [0.1-20% strain] (MPa) 2.898 3.940 4.200 4.422 Temp Ramp (2% strain,15 Hz) 25° C. G′ (MPa) 5.11 6.33 7.37 6.66 tan δ 0.229 0.196 0.176 0.20250° C. G′ (MPa) 3.82 4.92 5.87 5.15 tan δ 0.191 0.164 0.145 0.176 75° C.G′ (MPa) 3.17 4.04 4.86 4.31 tan δ 0.166 0.160 0.155 0.170Tan δ is a measure of the ratio of the loss of modulus of thecomposition to the storage modulus and it has been found that the lowerthe magnitude of tan δ at 50° C., the lower the hysteresis of thecomposition. As can be seen by the results listed in Table 2, therubbers compounded with 2OPD showed reduced Mooney Viscosity values,similar ring tensile values (both at room temperature and 100° C.), andlower hysteresis (lower tan δ) compared to the C1 and C2 compositions.Improved Money Viscosity indicates improved processability. Similar ringtensile values for the rubbers compounded with 2OPD indicate thecompositions have similar mechanical strengths. Lower tan δ values at50° C. for the rubbers compounded with 2OPD indicate improved rollingresistance in tire treads made from these compositions.

In summary, the addition of an exemplary B—A—S_(x)—N compound, 2OPD, torubber compositions resulted in lowered hysteresis indicating improvedrolling resistance in tire treads made using B—A—S_(x)—N compounds.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention,including the best mode, and also to enable a person skilled in the artto make and use the invention. The patentable scope of the invention isdefined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur tothose skilled in the art. Such other examples, which may be availableeither before or after the application filing date, are intended to bewithin the scope of the claims if they have elements that do not differfrom the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalentelements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of theclaims.

1. A compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N , wherein: B is anazaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety, or an allyltinmoiety; S_(x) is a polysulfide, where x is between 2 and about 10; A isa linking atom or group that forms a bridge between B and S_(x); and Nis a blocking group.
 2. The compound of claim. 1, wherein N is —A—B. 3.The compound of claim 1, wherein the azaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfurcontaining moiety is selected from the group consisting of formulasI-III:

wherein X is oxygen or sulfur; wherein each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆,and R₇ is independently hydrogen, a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl group, a branched orlinear C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a branched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylaryl group,or A.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the allyltin moiety comprisesthe formula —CH═CHCH₂Sn(R₈)₃, wherein R₈ is a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl group, a branched orlinear C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, or a branched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylarylgroup, or mixtures thereof.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein A is abranched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀cycloalkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₆-C₂₀ arylenyl moiety, or abranched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylarylenyl moiety.
 6. The compound of claim1, wherein A comprises [A′—(Z—A″)_(k)], wherein A′ and A″ are a branchedor linear C₁-C₂₀ alkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀cycloalkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₆-C₂₀ arylenyl moiety, or abranched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylarylenyl moiety; Z is oxygen, sulfur orC═O; and k is 1 to about
 4. 7. The compound of claim 1, whereinS_(x) isa disulfide.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound isbis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide.
 9. A compound having the formulaB—A—S_(x)—N for promoting filler dispersion in a composition comprisinga polymer containing unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecularstructure and a filler having a surface group reactive with B, whereinthe filler is carbon black or a mixture of carbon black and a mineralfiller; B is an azaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety, oran allyltin moiety;S_(x) is a polysulfide, where x is between 2 andabout 10; A is a linking atom or group that forms a bridge between B andS_(x); and N is a blocking group.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein Nis —A—B.
 11. The compound of claim 9, wherein the azaheterocyclic oxygenor sulfur containing moiety is selected from the group consisting offormulas I-III:

wherein X is oxygen or sulfur; wherein each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆,and R₇ is independently hydrogen, a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl group, a branched orlinear C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a branched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylaryl group,or A.
 12. The compound of claim 9, wherein the allyltin moiety comprisesthe formula —CH═CHCH₂Sn(R₈)₃, wherein R₈ is a branched or linear C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl group, a branched orlinear C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a branched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylaryl group,or mixtures thereof.
 13. The compound of claim 9, wherein A is abranched or linear C₁-C₂₀ alkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀cycloalkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₆-C₂₀ arylenyl moiety, or abranched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylarylenyl moiety.
 14. The compound ofclaim 9, wherein A comprises [A′—(Z—A″)_(k)], wherein A′ and A″ are abranched or linear C₁-C₂o alkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₃-C₂₀cycloalkylenyl moiety, a branched or linear C₆-C₂₀ arylenyl moiety, or abranched or linear C₇-C₂₀ alkylarylenyl moiety; Z is oxygen, sulfur orC═O; and k is 1 to about
 4. 15. The compound of claim 9, whereinS_(x) isa disulfide.
 16. The compound of claim 9, wherein the compound isbis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide.
 17. The compound of claim 9,wherein the mineral filler is silica, talc, kaolin, clay, metal oxides,aluminum hydrate, mica, or mixtures thereof.
 18. A method for modifyinga polymer comprising contacting a polymer containing unsaturatedcarbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structure with a compound havingthe formula B—A—S_(x)—N to form a modified polymer, wherein B is anazaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety, or an allyltinmoiety; S_(x) is a polysulfide, wherein x is 2 to about 10; A is alinking atom or group that forms a bridge between B and S_(x); and N isa blocking group.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the compound isbis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide.
 20. A modified polymer producedby the method of claim
 18. 21. A method for promoting filler dispersionin a polymeric composition, comprising the steps of: modifying a polymercomprising contacting a polymer containing unsaturated carbon-carbonbonds in its molecular structure with a compound having the formulaB—A—S_(x)—N to form a modified polymer, wherein B is an azaheterocyclicoxygen or sulfur containing moiety, or an allyltin moiety;S_(x) is apolysulfide, wherein x is 2 to about 10; A is a linking atom or groupthat forms a bridge between B and S_(x); and N is a blocking group; andreacting the modified polymer with a filler comprising a surface groupthat binds to the B moiety of the compound, wherein the filler is carbonblack or a mixture of carbon black and a mineral filler.
 22. The methodof claim 21, wherein the amount of the compound having the formulaB—A—S_(x)—N is about 0.1 percent to about 30 percent by weight of theelastomer.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the compound isbis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide.
 24. The method of claim 21,wherein the mineral filler is silica, talc, kaolin, clay, metal oxides,aluminum hydrate, mica, or mixtures thereof.
 25. A method for promotingfiller dispersion in a polymeric composition, comprising mixing together(i) a polymer having unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecularstructure; (ii) a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N , wherein B isan azaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety, or an allyltinmoiety; S_(x) comprises a polysulfide, wherein x is 2 to about 10; A isa linking atom or group that forms a bridge between B and S_(x); and Nis a blocking group; and (iii) a filler having a surface group thatbinds to the B moiety of the compound, wherein the filler is carbonblack or a mixture of carbon black and a mineral filler.
 26. The methodof claim 25, wherein the amount of the compound having the formula—A—S_(x)—N is about 0.1 percent to about 30 percent by weight of theelastomer.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the compound isbis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide.
 28. The method of claim 25,wherein the mineral filler is silica, talc, kaolin, clay, metal oxides,aluminum hydrate, mica, or mixtures thereof.
 29. A vulcanizable rubbercomposition, comprising: (a) an elastomer containing unsaturatedcarbon-carbon bonds in its molecular structure; (b) ahysteresis-reducing amount of a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N,wherein B is an azaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety, oran allyltin moiety; S_(x) comprises a polysulfide, wherein x is 2 toabout 10; A is a linking atom or group that forms a bridge between B andS_(x); and N is a blocking group; (c) a filler comprising a surfacegroup that binds to the B moiety of the compound, wherein the filler iscarbon black or a mixture of carbon black and a mineral filler; and (d)a cure agent.
 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the hysteresisreducing amount of the compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N is about0.1 percent to about 30 percent by weight of the elastomer.
 31. Thecomposition of claim 29, wherein the elastomer is a homopolymer of aconjugated diene monomer, or a copolymer or terpolymer of a conjugateddiene monomer with a monovinyl aromatic monomer or a triene.
 32. Thecomposition of claim 28, wherein the elastomer is natural rubber,synthetic polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polystyrene, styrene-butadienecopolymer, isoprene-butadiene copolymer isoprene-styrene copolymer,terpolymer of styrene-isoprene-butadiene, acrylonitrile-butadienerubber, terpolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, or combinationsthereof.
 33. The composition of claim 29, wherein the compound ishis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide.
 34. The composition of claim 28,wherein the mineral filler is silica, talc, kaolin, clay, metal oxides,aluminum hydrate, mica, or mixtures thereof.
 35. The composition ofclaim 29, wherein the cure agent includes sulfur and at least oneaccelerator.
 36. A tire comprising at least one component that comprisesthe composition of claim
 29. 37. The tire of claim 36, wherein thecomponent is a tire tread.
 38. A method for making a vulcanizedelastomeric composition, comprising: (a) mixing together (i) anelastomer containing unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in its molecularstructure; (ii) a compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N, wherein B isan azaheterocyclic oxygen or sulfur containing moiety, or an allyltinmoiety; S_(x) comprises a polysulfide, wherein x is 2 to about 10; A isa linking atom. or group that forms a bridge between B and S_(x); and Nis a blocking group; (iii) a filler comprising a surface group thatbinds to the B moiety of the compound, wherein the filler is carbonblack or a mixture of carbon black and a mineral filler; and (iv) a cureagent; and (b) curing the composition.
 39. The method of claim 38,wherein the compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—N is about 0.1 percentto about 30 percent by weight of the elastomer.
 40. The method of claim38, wherein the elastomer is a homopolymer of a conjugated dienemonomer, or a copolymer or terpolymer of a conjugated diene monomer witha monovinyl aromatic monomer or a triene.
 41. The method of claim 38,wherein the elastomer is natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene,polybutadiene, polystyrene, styrene-butadiene copolymer,isoprene-butadiene copolymer, isoprene-styrene copolymer, terpolymer ofstyrene-isoprene-butadiene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, terpolymerof acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, or combinations thereof.
 42. Themethod of claim 38, wherein the compound having the formula B—A—S_(x)—Nis bis-[2-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl]-disulfide.
 43. The method of claim 38,wherein the mineral filler is silica, talc, kaolin, clay, metal oxides,aluminum hydrate, mica, or mixtures thereof.
 44. The method of claim 38,wherein the cure agent includes sulfur and at least one accelerator.